VB.Net -- General Questions and Answers Part-I

VB.Net -- General Questions and Answers:

Part-I

1.            What is VB.NET?

                VB.Net is windows based programming language. It supports oops concept.

2.            What is the base class of .net?

                System. Object.

3.            What is Intermediate Language?

                Microsoft Intermediate Language (MSIL or IL) is the CPU -independent instruction set into which .Net framework programs are compiled. It contains instructions for loading, storing initializing, and calling methods on objects.

4.            What is Common Language Runtime?

                CLR also known as Common Language Run time provides an environment in which program are executed, it activate object, perform security check on them, lay them out in the memory, execute them and garbage collect them.

5. What is an Assembly?

                Assembly is the basic building blocks of the .net framework. They are the logical grouping of the functionality in a physical file.

6.  What are the advantages of an assembly?

                Increased performance. Better code management and encapsulation. It also introduces the n-tier concepts and business logic.

7.  What is Code Access Security?

                CAS - Code Access Security is the part of the .NET security model that determines whether or not a piece of code is allowed to run, and what resources it can use when it is running.

8.  What is the use of internal keyword?

                Internal keyword is one of the access specifier available in .Net framework, that makes a type visible in a given assembly, for e.g : a single dll can contain multiple modules.

9. What are class access modifiers?

    Access modifiers are keywords used to specify the declared accessibility of a member or a type. This section introduces the four access modifiers:

    Public,    Protected,    Internal,    Protected inertnal,    Private.

10. What is portable executable?

                The file format used for executable programs and for files to be linked together to form executable programs.

11. What is tracing?

                Tracing refers to collecting information about the application while it is running. You use tracing information to troubleshoot an application.

12. What is serialization?

                Serialization is the process of converting an object into a stream of bytes.

De-serialization is the opposite process of creating an object from a stream of bytes.

Serialization/De-serialization is mostly used to transport objects.

13. How a base class method is hidden?

                Hiding a base class method by declaring a method in derived class with keyword new. This will override the base class method and old method will be suppressed.

14.          What is the use of JIT?

                JIT (Just - In - Time) is a compiler which converts MSIL code to Native Code (ie. CPU-specific code that runs on the same computer architecture).

15.          Which method do you invoke on the Data Adapter control to load your generated dataset with data?

                  Fill () method is used to fill load the data in dataset.

16.          What is the purpose of an Assembly?

                An assembly controls many aspects of an application. The assembly handles versioning, type and class scope, security permissions, as well as other metadata including references to other assemblies and resources. The rules described in an assembly are enforced at runtime.

17.          What is Authentication and Authorization?

                Authentication is the process of identifying users. Authentication is identifying/validating the user against the credentials (username and password).

Authorization performs after authentication. Authorization is the process of granting access to those users based on identity. Authorization allowing access of specific resource to user.

18. What are the types of Authentication?

                 There are 3 types of Authentication.

·         Windows authentication

·         Forms authentication

·         Passport authentication.

19.          What is a Literal Control?

                The Literal control is used to display text on a page. The text is programmable. This control does not let you apply styles to its content.

20. What is reflection?

                All .NET compilers produce metadata about the types defined in the modules they produce. This metadata is packaged along with the module (modules in turn are packaged together in assemblies), and can be accessed by a mechanism called reflection.

21.          What is an Application Domain? How they get created?

                An Application Domain can be thought of as a lightweight processes controlled by the .Net runtime. Application Domains are usually created by hosts like Windows Shell, ASP.NET and IE. When you run a .NET application from the command-line, the host is the Shell. The Shell creates a new Application Domain for every application.

22. How do you convert a string into an integer in .NET?

                Int32.Parse(string)

              Convert.ToInt32()

23.          What is the use of Error Provider Control?

                The Error Provider control is used to indicate invalid data on a data entry form.

24.          What does assert() method do?

                In debug compilation, assert takes in a Boolean condition as a parameter, and shows the error dialog if the condition is false. The program proceeds without any interruption if the condition is true.

25.    What are Option Strict and Option Explicit?

.Net generally allows implicit conversion of any data types. In order to avoid data loss during data type conversion, Option Strict keyword is used and it ensures compile time notification of these types of conversions.

Option Explicit is the keyword used in a file to explicitly declare all variables using declare keywords like Dim, Private, Public or Protected. If undeclared variable name persists, an error occurs at compile time.

26.   What is ReDim keyword and its use?

Redim keyword is exclusively used for arrays and it is used to change the size of one or more dimensions of an array that has been already declared. Redim can free up or add elements to an array whenever required.

                Dim intArray(7, 7) As Integer

                ReDim Preserve intArray(7, 8)

                ReDim intArray(7, 7)

27.   What is HashTable?

HashTable is set to be items with key and value pairs. Keys are referred as indexes and quick search can be performed for values by searching through the keys.

SQL Interview Questions and Answers Part-I

SQL Interview Questions and Answers:

Part-I

1)       What is SQL?

SQL stands for Structured Query Language , and it is used to communicate with the Database. This is a standard language used to perform tasks such as retrieval, updating, insertion and deletion of data from a database..

2)    What is a Database?

Database is nothing but an organized form of data for easy access, storing, retrieval and managing of data. This is also known as structured form of data which can be accessed in many ways.

Example: School Management Database, Bank Management Database.

 3)  What are tables and Fields?

A table is a set of data that are organized in a model with Columns and Rows. Columns can be categorized as vertical, and Rows are horizontal. A table has specified number of column called fields but can have any number of rows which is called record.

Example:

Table: Employee.

Field: Emp ID, Emp Name, Date of Birth.

Data: 201456, David, 11/15/1960.

4) What is a primary key?

A primary key is a combination of fields which uniquely specify a row. This is a special kind of unique key, and it has implicit NOT NULL constraint. It means, Primary key values cannot be NULL.

5)   What is a unique key?

A Unique key constraint uniquely identified each record in the database. This provides uniqueness for the column or set of columns.

A Primary key constraint has automatic unique constraint defined on it. But not, in the case of Unique Key.

There can be many unique constraint defined per table, but only one Primary key constraint defined per table.

 6)  What is a foreign key?

A foreign key is one table which can be related to the primary key of another table. Relationship needs to be created between two tables by referencing foreign key with the primary key of another table.

7)  What is a join?

This is a keyword used to query data from more tables based on the relationship between the fields of the tables. Keys play a major role when JOINs are used.

 8)   What are the types of join and explain each?

There are various types of join which can be used to retrieve data and it depends on the relationship between tables.

Inner join:  Inner join return rows when there is at least one match of rows between the tables.

Right Join: Right join return rows which are common between the tables and all rows of Right hand side table. Simply, it returns all the rows from the right hand side table even though there are no matches in the left hand side table.

Left Join: Left join return rows which are common between the tables and all rows of Left hand side table. Simply, it returns all the rows from Left hand side table even though there are no matches in the Right hand side table.

Full Join: Full join return rows when there are matching rows in any one of the tables. This means, it returns all the rows from the left hand side table and all the rows from the right hand side table.

9)   What is normalization?

Normalization is the process of minimizing redundancy and dependency by organizing fields and table of a database. The main aim of Normalization is to add, delete or modify field that can be made in a single table.

 10)   What is Denormalization?

Denormalization is a technique used to access the data from higher to lower normal forms of database. It is also process of introducing redundancy into a table by incorporating data from the related tables.

11)   What is a View?

A view is a virtual table which consists of a subset of data contained in a table. Views are not virtually present, and it takes less space to store. View can have data of one or more tables combined, and it is depending on the relationship.

12)   What is an Index?

An index is performance tuning method of allowing faster retrieval of records from the table. An index creates an entry for each value and it will be faster to retrieve data.

 13) What are all the different types of indexes?

There are three types of indexes -.

Unique Index: This indexing does not allow the field to have duplicate values if the column is unique indexed. Unique index can be applied automatically when primary key is defined.

Clustered Index: This type of index reorders the physical order of the table and search based on the key values. Each table can have only one clustered index.

Non Clustered Index:  Non Clustered Index does not alter the physical order of the table and maintains logical order of data. Each table can have 999 non clustered indexes.

14)  What is a Cursor?

A database Cursor is a control which enables traversal over the rows or records in the table. This can be viewed as a pointer to one row in a set of rows. Cursor is very much useful for traversing such as retrieval, addition and removal of database records.

 15)   What is a relationship and what are they?

Database Relationship is defined as the connection between the tables in a database. There are various data basing relationships, and they are as follows:.

• One to One Relationship.
• One to Many Relationships.
• Many to One Relationship.
• Self-Referencing Relationship.

16) What is a query?

A DB query is a code written in order to get the information back from the database. Query can be designed in such a way that it matched with our expectation of the result set. Simply, a question to the Database.

 17) What is subquery?

A sub query is a query within another query. The outer query is called as main query, and inner query is called subquery. SubQuery is always executed first, and the result of subquery is passed on to the main query.

18)   What are the types of subquery?

There are two types of subquery – Correlated and Non-Correlated.

A Correlated subquery cannot be considered as independent query, but it can refer the column in a table listed in the FROM the list of the main query.

A Non-Correlated sub query can be considered as independent query and the output of subquery are substituted in the main query.

 19) What is a stored procedure?

Stored Procedure is a function consists of many SQL statement to access the database system. Several SQL statements are consolidated into a stored procedure and execute them whenever and wherever required.

20)   What is a trigger?

A DB trigger is a code or programs that automatically execute with response to some event on a table or view in a database. Mainly, trigger helps to maintain the integrity of the database.

Example: When a new student is added to the student database, new records should be created in the related tables like Exam, Score and Attendance tables.

21)   What is the difference between DELETE and TRUNCATE commands?

DELETE command is used to remove rows from the table, and WHERE clause can be used for conditional set of parameters. Commit and Rollback can be performed after delete statement.

TRUNCATE removes all rows from the table. Truncate operation cannot be rolled back.

22)  What are local and global variables and their differences?

Local variables are the variables which can be used or exist inside the function. They are not known to the other functions and those variables cannot be referred or used. Variables can be created whenever that function is called.

Global variables are the variables which can be used or exist throughout the program. Same variable declared in global cannot be used in functions. Global variables cannot be created whenever that function is called.

 23) What is a constraint?

Constraint can be used to specify the limit on the data type of table. Constraint can be specified while creating or altering the table statement. Sample of constraint are.

• NOT NULL.
• CHECK.
• DEFAULT.
• UNIQUE.
• PRIMARY KEY.
• FOREIGN KEY.

24)  What is data Integrity?

Data Integrity defines the accuracy and consistency of data stored in a database. It can also define integrity constraints to enforce business rules on the data when it is entered into the application or database.

 25) What is Auto Increment?

Auto increment keyword allows the user to create a unique number to be generated when a new record is inserted into the table. AUTO INCREMENT keyword can be used in Oracle and IDENTITY keyword can be used in SQL SERVER. Mostly this keyword can be used whenever PRIMARY KEY is used.

 26)  What is the difference between Cluster and Non-Cluster Index?

A Clustered index is used for easy retrieval of data from the database by altering the way that the records are stored. Database sorts out rows by the column which is set to be clustered index.

A nonclustered index does not alter the way it was stored but creates a complete separate object within the table. It point back to the original table rows after searching.

27)  What is Self-Join?

Self-join is set to be query used to compare to itself. This is used to compare values in a column with other values in the same column in the same table. ALIAS ES can be used for the same table comparison.

 28)  What is Cross-Join?

Cross join defines as Cartesian product where number of rows in the first table multiplied by number of rows in the second table. If suppose, WHERE clause is used in cross join then the query will work like an INNER JOIN.

29)  What is user defined functions?

User defined functions are the functions written to use that logic whenever required. It is not necessary to write the same logic several times. Instead, function can be called or executed whenever needed.

 30)   What are all types of user defined functions?

Three types of user defined functions are.

·         Scalar Functions.

·         Inline Table valued functions.

·         Multi statement valued functions.

Scalar returns unit, variant defined the return clause. Other two types return table as a return.

31)   Advantages and Disadvantages of Stored Procedure?

Stored procedure can be used as a modular programming – means create once, store and call for several times whenever required. This supports faster execution instead of executing multiple queries. This reduces network traffic and provides better security to the data.

Disadvantage is that it can be executed only in the Database and utilizes more memory in the database server.

32)   What is CLAUSE?

SQL clause is defined to limit the result set by providing condition to the query. This usually filters some rows from the whole set of records.

Example – Query that has WHERE condition. Query that has HAVING condition.

33)   What is recursive stored procedure?

A stored procedure which calls by itself until it reaches some boundary condition. This recursive function or procedure helps programmers to use the same set of code any number of times.

 34)  What is Union, minus and Interact commands?

UNION operator is used to combine the results of two tables, and it eliminates duplicate rows from the tables.

MINUS operator is used to return rows from the first query but not from the second query. Matching records of first and second query and other rows from the first query will be displayed as a result set.

INTERSECT operator is used to return rows returned by both the queries.

 35)  What is an ALIAS command?

ALIAS name can be given to a table or column. This alias name can be referred in WHERE clause to identify the table or column.

Example:

Select st.StudentID, Ex.Result from student st, Exam as Ex where st.studentID = Ex. StudentID

Here, st refers to alias name for student table and Ex refers to alias name for exam table.

36)   What is the difference between TRUNCATE and DROP statements?

TRUNCATE removes all the rows from the table, and it cannot be rolled back.

DROP command removes a table from the database and operation cannot be rolled back.

37) What are aggregate and scalar functions?

Aggregate functions are used to evaluate mathematical calculation and return single values. This can be calculated from the columns in a table. Scalar functions return a single value based on the input value.

Example -

Aggregate – max (), count – Calculated with respect to numeric.

Scalar – UCASE (), NOW () – Calculated with respect to strings.

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